Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: 1. An age range from 15 to 25 years. 2. Participants who had a full set of permanent dentitions excluding the third molar. 3. Participants who had moderate crowding in the mandibular arch according to Little's irregularity index that necessitates non-extraction treatment in the mandibular arch. 4. Normal vertical facial proportions. 5. Participants who had good oral hygiene and no periodontal disease. 6. No systemic diseases or regular medication that could interfere and/or affect orthodontic teeth movement. 7. No evidence of craniofacial anomalies, such as clef lip and palate or previous history of trauma, bruxism, or parafunction. 8. No tooth size, shape, or root abnormalities visible on patient's radiographic records. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Previous orthodontic treatment. 2. Any skeletal dysplasia or craniofacial malformation. 3. Retained primary or missing permanent teeth in the anterior area, and any kind of tooth/root shape anomaly or history of trauma affecting the incisors. 4. Systemic diseases or regular use of medications that could interfere with OTM. 5. Patients with root resorption, impacted canines, or dental anomalies. 6. Poor oral hygiene and uncontrolled periodontal diseases.