Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * \- Patients age ≥ 16 years old who can speak and read the Arabic language. * Had been diagnosed with T1DM for at least 6 months ago. * Had uncontrolled hyperglycemia (glycosylated hemoglobin HbA1C ≥7% and/or fasting blood glucose \>130 mg/dl) * Patients on the same regimen the last 3 months. * patients (or parents) acceptance to participate in the study. Exclusion Criteria: * 1-Patient who have hearing, speech or cognitive deficits that would impair understanding of the questions and receiving the education. 2- Patients with comorbid conditions that may interfere with the study such as asthma, thyroid disorders, adrenal gland disorders, celiac disease, or significant renal impairment. 3-Patients who are taking corticosteroids. 4- Patients who required changing their insulin regimen, increasing the dose \>20% of the previous dose. (21) 5- Patients with conditions that affect red blood cell turnover (hemolytic and other anemias, G-6-PD deficiency, recent blood transfusion, use of drugs that stimulate erythropoiesis, end stage kidney disease and pregnancy. 6-Patients unwilling to participate.