Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: 1. Aged 18 or older 2. Must undergo one of the following treatments: (1) Fracture of upper or lower limbs or pelvis requiring internal fixation surgery (2) Spinal fusion surgery (3) Joint replacement surgery 3. Requiring multimodal analgesics for postoperative pain control, with oral strong opioids as the primary opioid analgesic, as assessed by his/her physician. 4\. Voluntarily sign the informed consent form and agree to the collection of clinical questionnaires and medical-related information for this study. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Patients who have not received any or have only received oral potent opioids for no more than 1 day during the postoperative hospitalization period (including those known to be intolerant or allergic to opioid medications). 2. Patients who have received or are expected to use long-acting opioid injections within 7 days before surgery or during the postoperative hospitalization period. 3. Patients who use patient-controlled analgesics for pain control after surgery. 4. Patients with a history of substance abuse or who require continuous treatment with other opioid receptor agonists or antagonists (such as naloxone or methadone). 5. Patients with a history of mental illness who continue to require medication control from 28 days before surgery and until discharge. 6. Other cases deemed ineligible by the study investigator.