Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: Healthy control group: * Men and women aged between 18 and 70 years living in Edmonton (or Edmonton area/driving distance). * Normal weight (BMI below 25 kg/m2 or Asian population below 23 kg/m2 ) * Waist circumference below the following ethnic specific cut offs: Canada / USA: \<102 cm men and \<88 cm women; Europids, Middle-Eastern, Sub-Saharan African, and Mediterranean: \<94 cm men and \<80 cm women; Asians, Japanese, South and Central Americans: \<90 cm men and \<80 cm women * Fasting glucose \<5.6 mmol/L * HbA1c \<5.6 % * Blood pressure \<130/85 mmHg * Triglycerides \<1.7 mmol/L * HDL-Cholesterol \>1.03 mmol/L men and \>1.29 mmol/L women * Body weight stable (within 3% fluctuation) for at least 6 months prior to the study * Individuals who have never smoke, have smoke less than 100 cigarettes in their life or who are long term quitter (quit smoking a year or more ago) Individuals at risk of diabetes/having type 2 diabetes: * Men and women aged between 18 and 70 years living in Edmonton (or Edmonton area/driving distance). * Overweight or obesity (BMI above 25 kg/m2 or Asian population above 23 kg/m2) * Waist circumference at or above the following ethnic specific cut offs: Canada / USA: ≥ 102 cm men and ≥ 88 cm women; Europids, Middle-Eastern, Sub-Saharan African, and Mediterranean: ≥ 94 cm men and ≥ 80 cm women; Asians, Japanese, South and Central Americans: ≥ 90 cm men and ≥ 80 cm women * Fasting glucose ≥ 6.0 mmol/L * HbA1c ≥ 6.0 % * Body weight stable (within 3% fluctuation) for at least 6 months prior to the study * Individuals who have never smoke, have smoke less than 100 cigarettes in their life or who are long term quitter (quit smoking a year or more ago) Exclusion Criteria: * Individuals with a previous history of CVD, renal disorder, monogenic dyslipidemia, with endocrine disorders other than T2D * Individuals taking chronic anti-inflammatory drugs (including aspirin, antihistamines, and omega-3 supplements) * Pregnant/lactating women * Individuals aged above 70 years * Smokers (current smokers: daily/occasional and those who have smoked more than 100 cigarettes in their life) * Individuals with specific nutritional restrictions (e.g. vegetarianism excluding eggs from their diet, vegan or with egg allergy) will be excluded * Individuals with poorly controlled (HbA1c \>12.0%) diabetes or taking exogenous insulin will be excluded. Other anti-diabetic and lipid-lowering medications will be documented.