Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: 1. Age between 18 and 65 years old; 2. Diagnosed with refractory temporal lobe epilepsy as defined by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) (failure to achieve seizure-free status after adequate trials of two appropriate antiepileptic drugs); 3. Duration of epilepsy is at least 2 years, with a seizure frequency of at least 2 times per 4 weeks in the three months before enrollment; 4. Taking two or more antiepileptic drugs, and continuing the same medication treatment plan during the trial period; 5. Capable of cooperating to complete the treatment and related examination items; 6. The patient and family members fully understand and voluntarily sign the informed consent form. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Scalp skin damage (including skin diseases or damage in the area where electrodes are applied); 2. Psychogenic epilepsy or pseudo-epilepsy; 3. Concurrent severe infections, cerebrovascular diseases, malignant tumors, or other diseases with severe dysfunction of major organs such as the heart, liver, and kidneys, or with mental disorders; 4. Presence of any implanted devices or instruments (such as cardiac pacemakers, deep brain stimulators, cochlear implants, and vagus nerve stimulators, etc.); 5. History of head trauma or other brain-related diseases; 6. Pregnant or breastfeeding women; 7. Participation in other clinical trials at the same time; 8. Changes in medication treatment plan during baseline, treatment, or follow-up period; 9. Withdrawal of informed consent by the patient or family members.