Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Participants who scheduled for elective video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy under general anesthesia. * Participants were 18 years or older. * 18 kg/m2≤BMI≤30 kg/m2 * Participants with American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) physical status I-III. * Understand the significance, possible benefits, potential risks of the trial in detail.Understand the procedures and methods of this study.Willing to complete the trial in strict compliance with the clinical trial protocol.Sign the informed consent form voluntarily. Exclusion Criteria: * with severe cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases such as myocardial infarction,unstable angina pectoris,severe cardiac rhythm disorders (second- and third-degree heart block,etc.), New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class III/IV,Ischemic stroke. * with psychiatric disorders (such as schizophrenia,depression,etc.) and cognitive impairment. * with sensory disorders such as hyperalgesia. * with other bodily pain. * allergy to amide-type local anesthetics or any of the trial drugs * taking drugs that affect liver metabolism,corticosteroids,benzodiazepines,non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAIDs),opioid agonist-antagonist,central-alpha 2-agonists,anticonvulsants,antidepressants within 72h. * with a history of alcohol or opioid abuse. * who were pregnant or lactating. * who were currently included in another clinical study within 3 months.