Inclusion Criteria:
1. Able and willing to provide written informed consent
2. Male or female aged 18 to 70 years, inclusive. For the Part 2 breast augmentation surgical model, only females can be enrolled
3. Scheduled to undergo one of the following elective surgeries, with no additional procedures and be able to use the anesthesia regimen:
1. Unilateral first metatarsal bunionectomy (Cohort 1)
2. Laparoscopy-assisted open ventral hernia repair (Cohort 2 and 6)
3. Breast augmentation (Cohort 3 through 5)
4. Unilateral total knee arthroplasty (Cohort 7)
5. Abdominoplasty (tummy tuck) (Cohort 8)
4. ASA Physical Status Classification of 1 or 2
5. Male subjects must be either biologically or surgically sterile or commit to the use of a reliable method of birth control (must agree to use double-barrier contraception in the event of sexual activity) or be practicing abstinence for the duration of the study and for 30 days after study drug administration
6. Female subjects are eligible only if all the following apply:
1. Not pregnant with a negative serum pregnancy test at Screening and negative urine pregnancy test on Day 1 before surgery (pregnancy test not required for females of non-childbearing potential, defined as surgically sterile or post-menopausal)
2. Not lactating
3. Not planning to become pregnant during the study
4. If of childbearing potential, commits to the use of a highly effective method of birth control for the duration of the study and or at least 30 days after study drug administration
7. BMI \>18 \~ ≤39 kg/m2
Exclusion Criteria:
1. A clinically significant abnormal clinical laboratory test value
2. Evidence of a clinically significant 12-lead ECG
3. History of orthostatic hypotension, syncope, or other syncopal attacks
4. History or any clinical manifestation of significant renal, hepatic, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, metabolic, neurologic, psychiatric, or other condition that has been assessed by the Investigator to be unsuitable for participation in the study
5. History of seizures or taking anticonvulsants during the Screening period
6. History of cardiac arrhythmia or taking Class III antiarrhythmic drugs including amiodarone, dofetilide, dronedarone, sotalol, or ibutilide during the Screening period
7. History of sleep apnea or on home CPAP treatment
8. History of hypersensitivity to ropivacaine, any other amide-type local anesthetic, propofol, hydromorphone, fentanyl, midazolam, acetaminophen, oxycodone, or morphine (or other opioids)
9. History of severe or refractory PONV due to other etiologies, including, but not limited to gastric outlet obstruction, hypercalcemia, or active peptic ulcer, deemed clinically significant by the Investigator
10. Any lifetime history of a suicidal attempt or any suicidal behavior, as assessed by the C-SSRS at Screening
11. History or positive test results of HIV, HCV, or HBV
12. History or current report of substance abuse including illicit drug abuse and/or alcohol abuse (regularly drinks \>4 units of alcohol per day: 1 unit = 8 oz. beer, 3 oz. wine, or 1 oz. spirits) within 2 years prior to Screening
13. Positive results on the urine drug screen or alcohol breath test indicative of illicit drug or non-prescribed drug or alcohol abuse at Screening or on Day 1 before surgery. Prescribed medication that is known to result in a positive drug test is allowed. Marijuana (medical or recreational) is not allowed
14. Pre-existing concurrent acute, or chronic painful restrictive/physical condition that may confound postoperative pain assessments or is expected to require analgesic treatment during the study
15. Has known or suspected daily use of opioids for longer than 4 days per week within the previous 6 months prior to Screening
16. Is taking daily analgesics for longer than 4 days per week for a chronically painful condition during the Screening period. Not exclusionary if it is utilized for pain related to the total knee arthroplasty indication
17. Is receiving oxygen therapy during the Screening period
18. Use of any of the following medications within 5 half-lives prior to the study surgical procedure or as specified
19. Malignancy in the last 2 years prior to Screening, except for non-metastatic basal cell or squamous cell carcinoma of the skin or localized carcinoma in situ of the cervix
20. Personal or family history of malignant hyperthermia
