Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Participants must be enrolled as students at any of the three universities of Lahore. * Participants should be 18 to 25 years old, as this demographic is typically more engaged in smartphone usage and may experience varying mental health effects. * Participants must own and regularly use a smartphone. Regular use is a smartphone for at least two hours per day. * Participants must be willing to provide written informed consent, acknowledging their understanding of the study and agreeing to participate voluntarily. * Participants must be able to read and understand the language in which the questionnaires and assessments are administered (likely English or Urdu, depending on the study design). * Only full-time students will be included to ensure that their daily routines and stress levels are more comparable across the study group. Exclusion Criteria: * Individuals who have been diagnosed with severe psychiatric disorders (such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or other major psychiatric conditions) will be excluded. These conditions could introduce confounding variables that may affect the study's results. * Individuals who are currently undergoing treatment for severe mental health conditions or are taking medication that could significantly impact mental health and smartphone usage will be excluded to avoid confounding effects. * Individuals who have recently experienced major life events (such as the death of a close family member, major accidents, or other significant trauma) within the last six months may be excluded, as these events could influence mental health independently of smartphone use.