Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * (1) All selected cases met the relevant diagnostic criteria outlined in the orthopedic disease guidelines. Diagnosis was confirmed through imaging methods. (2) The patients ranged in age from 18 to 70. (3) All individuals underwent surgery in the orthopedic department of our hospital. (4) The vital signs of the patients were essentially stable. (5) Patients possessed normal cognitive function before the operation and demonstrated the ability to listen, speak, read, and write. Exclusion Criteria: * (1) Orthopedic patients with multiple injuries in other locations (such as craniocerebral trauma, chest trauma, etc.); (2) Patients with severe internal diseases, such as severe anemia, severe diabetes, liver insufficiency; (3) Patients with chronic infectious diseases; (4) Patients with malignant tumor; (5) Patients with pathological fracture, such as bone tumor; (6) Patients with mental diseases and cognitive impairment.