Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: 1. Disease group： * Diagnosed with schizophrenia by a physician (ICD-10 code F20, such as F20.0, F20.1, F20.2, F20.3, F20.5, F20.89, or F20.9), with stable condition, and has not had any changes in medication dosage or admission to a psychiatric acute care unit in the past 3 months. * Aged between 18 and 65 years. * Able to understand, speak, read, and write Mandarin or Taiwanese. 2. Control group： * No history of chronic illness and no acute symptoms within the past month. * Aged between 18 and 65 years. * Able to understand, speak, read, and write Mandarin or Taiwanese. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Disease group： * Individuals with cardiovascular conditions, severe neurological disorders (e.g., organic brain disorders, early-stage dementia or diagnosed dementia), or substance abuse issues. * Individuals who have used medications affecting the autonomic nervous system within the past month, such as mood stabilizers, antidepressants, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors inhibitors, β-blockers, or antiarrhythmics. * Individuals with metallic implants that could affect heart rate variability. * Individuals with involuntary and uncontrollable body tremors. * Women currently menstruating. * Pregnant women. 2. Control group： * Individuals with cardiovascular conditions, severe neurological disorders (e.g., organic brain disorders, early-stage dementia or diagnosed dementia), or substance abuse issues. * Individuals who have used medications affecting the autonomic nervous system within the past month, such as psychiatric medications, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors inhibitors, β-blockers, or antiarrhythmics . * Individuals with metallic implants that could affect heart rate variability. * Individuals with involuntary and uncontrollable body tremors. * Women currently menstruating. * Pregnant women.