Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: 1. Age: from 21 years old till 40 years old. 2. Patients with ASA classification I and II. 3. Undergoing a scheduled elective surgery. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Declining to give written informed consent. 2. ASA classification III-V. 3. Patients with class III (morbid) obesity or more (BMI \>40 Kg/m2) 4. Patients with severe intraoperative hypotension requiring large volume of intravascular fluid treatment. 5. Severe or uncontrolled hypertension (NIBP\> 150/100) , congestive heart failure, moderate to severe valvular heart disease , uncontrolled arrhythmia , heart rate\>100bpm . 6. Significant hepatic or renal disorder. 7. Patients with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus type 1 or type 2(evidenced by autonomic dysfunction or organ complications, ischemic heart disease or cerebrovascular disease). 8. Patients who were pregnant (positive pregnancy test) or menstruating. 9. Anemia with hemoglobin level \<9.0 g/dL 10. Hypersensitivity to soybean oil, egg lecithin, or glycerol. 11. Medical substance abuse.