Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: 1. Patients of either gender aged between 18 and 65 years. 2. Patients scheduled for surgical procedures of lower limb requiring subarachnoid anesthesia. 3. American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status classification I or II. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Patients with contraindications to subarachnoid anesthesia, including severe coagulopathy, infection at the site of injection, or increased intracranial pressure. 2. Patients with a history of significant cardiac, respiratory, hepatic, or renal disease. 3. Pregnant or lactating women. 4. Patients with a history of substance abuse or dependence. 5. Patients on chronic opioid therapy or with opioid tolerance. 6. Patients with neurological deficits affecting sensation or motor function in the lower extremities. 7. Patients with psychiatric disorders affecting their ability to cooperate during the procedure or follow instructions.