Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: 1. are inpatients or outpatients; 2. demonstrate capacity to consent according to the MacArthur competence assessment tool for clinical research (MacCAT-CR); 3. have a DSM-5 diagnosis of Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder for at least 2 years, as determined by the MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview - Version 7 (MINI-7.0); 4. are 18 years of age or older; 5. have demonstrated resistance to at least 2 antipsychotics of 600 mg of chlorpromazine equivalents for at least 6 weeks; 6. have a BPRS score at baseline of at least moderate severity (\>4) on one of the four psychotic items (i.e., hallucinatory behavior, suspiciousness, conceptual disorganization, unusual thought content) or at least 12 on these 4 items combined; 7. are considered to be appropriate to receive convulsive therapy as assessed by an ECT attending psychiatrist and a consultant anaesthesiologist; 8. are on an antipsychotic at an adequate dose and are agreeable to keeping their current antipsychotic treatment constant during the acute phase of the intervention; 9. are able to adhere to the intervention schedule; 10. meet the MST safety criteria; 11. If a woman of child-bearing potential: is willing to provide a negative pregnancy test and agrees not to become pregnant during trial participation. Exclusion Criteria: 1. have a history of MINI diagnosis of a substance use disorder (other than nicotine and caffeine) within the past three months; 2. have a concomitant major unstable medical illness; 3. are pregnant or intend to get pregnant during the study; 4. have probable dementia based on study investigator assessment; 5. have any significant neurological disorder or condition likely to be associated with increased intracranial pressure or a space occupying brain lesion, e.g., cerebral aneurysm; 6. present with a serious medical condition, 7. have an intracranial implant (e.g., aneurysm clips, shunts, stimulators, cochlear implants, or electrodes) or any other metal object within or near the head, excluding the mouth, that cannot be safely removed; 8. require a benzodiazepine with a dose \> lorazepam 2 mg/day or equivalent or any anticonvulsant due to the potential of these medications to limit the efficacy of both MST and ECT; 9. are unable to communicate in English fluently enough to complete the neuropsychological tests; 10. have a non-correctable clinically significant sensory impairment (i.e., cannot hear or see well enough to complete the neuropsychological tests).