Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Age 12 - 21 years * History of pectus excavatum * Scheduled for Nuss procedure Exclusion Criteria: * Prior pectus repair * Other concomitant surgeries * Chronic pain conditions including Ehlers Danlos Syndrome * Non-English speaking - rationale: the questionnaires used in the study are in English language and the social and cultural factors of pain perception of non-English speaking patients could affect the study power * Severe developmental delays including cognitive (difficulties understanding), motor (cerebral palsy or muscular dystrophy), and speech delays (difficulties communicating) * History of or active renal or liver disease * Major surgery requiring opioids in the last 2 years * Severe respiratory problems (such as obstructive sleep apnea, cystic fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, or pneumonia within the last month) * Cardiac conditions including, but not limited to, cyanotic heart disease, hypoplastic left ventricle, arrhythmia, uncontrolled hypertension with ongoing treatment, Kawasaki disease, or cardiomyopathies. Participants with asymptomatic valvular lesions or defects may be included * BMI \>35 * Pregnant or breastfeeding females