Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: 1. Patients aged 18 to 85 years; 2. Diagnosed with drug-refractory, symptomatic, persistent atrial fibrillation; Definition: At least one electrocardiogram (ECG) record of an atrial fibrillation episode within 12 months prior to enrollment. 3. Non-valvular atrial fibrillation; 4. Able to understand the purpose of the study, voluntarily participate in the study, the patient or their legal representative signs the informed consent form, and willing to complete follow-ups as required by the study protocol.- Exclusion Criteria: 1. Atrial fibrillation secondary to thyroid disease or other reversible factors; 2. Imaging studies indicating intracardiac thrombus; 3. Moderate to severe mitral stenosis or regurgitation; 4. Left ventricular ejection fraction \<40%, or New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class III or IV; 5. Unstable angina; 6. Myocardial infarction (MI) or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) within 3 months prior to enrollment; 7. Presence of mural thrombus, space-occupying disease, or other abnormalities that hinder vascular puncture or catheter manipulation; 8. Contraindications to anticoagulation and a history of blood coagulation or bleeding abnormalities; 9. Patients with active systemic infections; Patients who have had an atrial septal closure device implanted within the last 6 weeks; 10. Female patients who are pregnant, breastfeeding, or unable to use contraception during the study period; 11. Patients with a life expectancy of less than 12 months (e.g., advanced malignant tumors); patients who have had an atrial septal closure device implanted within the last 6 weeks; 12. Conditions affecting vascular access; 13. Patients who are concurrently participating in other drug or device clinical trials; 14. Any other abnormalities or diseases that the investigator deems should exclude the patient from the study enrollment.