Inclusion Criteria for Healthy Older Adults
* Age 50-85
* English as a first/primary language
* Capacity to consent
* No Diagnosis of mNCD or dementia
Exclusion Criteria for Healthy Older Adults
* Current substance use disorder, bipolar disorder, or schizophrenia spectrum or other psychotic diagnosis
* Daily/weekly anticholinergic or sedative use. Stimulants may be used pending investigator review. Cholinesterase inhibitors, NMDA receptor antagonists, and antidepressants are allowed if on a stable regimen for 4 weeks prior to enrollment
* History of significant or unstable conditions that may impact cognition, such as significant cardiac, cerebrovascular, or metabolic disease, developmental disorder, or other neurologic disease (e.g., moderate to severe TBI, seizures)
* MRI or tFUS contraindications (e.g., metal implants, claustrophobia, conditions or treatments that lower seizure threshold, taking medications that have short half-lives)
* Enrolled in a clinical trial or has received an investigational medication or device in the last 30 days
Inclusion Criteria for mNCD
* Age 50-85
* English as a first/primary language
* Diagnosed with mNCD by a healthcare provider within the past 2 years per NIA-AA or DSM-5 criteria
* Has ≥ 2 impaired scores within one cognitive domain OR ≥ 1 impaired score in ≥ 3 domains, where impaired score is defined as ≤ 16th percentile using demographically-corrected norms
* Must have a co-participant (e.g., spouse, adult child, relative, sibling, cohabitor, friend, or caregiver) with at least weekly in-person contact with the participant
Exclusion Criteria for mNCD
* Prior diagnosis of dementia or major neurocognitive disorder per NIA-AA or DSM-5 criteria, and telephone interview for cognitive status (TICS) score ≤ 22
* Current substance use disorder, bipolar disorder, or schizophrenia spectrum or other psychotic diagnosis
* Daily/weekly anticholinergic or sedative use. Stimulants may be used pending investigator review. Cholinesterase inhibitors, NMDA receptor antagonists, and antidepressants are allowed if on a stable regimen for 4 weeks prior to enrollment
* History of significant or unstable conditions that may impact cognition, such as significant cardiac, cerebrovascular, or metabolic disease, developmental disorder, or other neurologic disease (e.g., moderate to severe TBI, seizures)
* MRI or tFUS contraindications (e.g., metal implants, claustrophobia, conditions or treatments than lower seizure threshold, taking medications that have short half-lives)
* Enrolled in a clinical trial or has received an investigational medication or device in the last 30 days
