Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Patients: * Aged 4-7 years, cooperative, in good general health and medically within normal * Teeth: * Restorable mandibular second primary molars. * History of irreversible pulpitis. * Preoperative radiograph: * Absence of periapical or inter-radicular radiolucency. * Absence of widening of periodontal ligaments (PDL) space. * Absence of internal or external root resorption. Exclusion Criteria: * Patients: * With systemic disorders. * Physical or mental disabilities. * Unable to attend follow- up visits. * Refusal of Participation. * Refusal to sign the informed consent. * Teeth: * Previously accessed teeth. * Mobile mandibular second primary molar. * Swelling in the vestibule or on palpation. * Pain on percussion.