Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: MDS patients with symptomatic anemia (pre-treatment hemoglobin \< 10g/dL) who started treatment with biosimilar EPO alpha, diagnosed according to the WHO 2016 classification, and characterized by very low, low, or intermediate IPSS-R risk and a pre-treatment serum EPO level \< 500 U/L, who started treatment with biosimilar EPO alpha at the U. O. of Hematology of IRCCS AOUBO during the period from 01/06/2018 to 31/12/2021. * Age ≥ 18 years at the time of enrollment * Acquisition of informed consent to study participation and data processing Exclusion Criteria: * \- Presence of other possible contributory causes of anemia (e.g., anemia from chronic inflammatory disease, hemolysis, hemorrhage) * Poor compliance with treatment * Very impaired general clinical condition (ECOG performance status \> 3) * Concomitant treatment with antineoplastic cytotoxic drugs