Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: 1. Age range from 18 to 70 years old; 2. Chest CT shows a single pulmonary nodule, which may be adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma; 3. Chest CT shows multiple pulmonary nodules, but preoperative evaluation suggests that pulmonary nodules other than the main lesion are benign; 4. Preoperative auxiliary examination evaluates the patient as clinically resectable lung adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma in stages I, II, or IIIA (UICC-TNM 9th edition); 5. ECOG score 0-1; 6. Preoperative lung function FEV1 ≥ 1.0L and actual/expected value ≥ 80%; 7. No contraindications for surgery; 8. Technically, lobectomy or segmental resection combined with lymph node dissection can be performed; 9. Preoperative plain scan and enhanced chest CT examination; 10. The interval between surgery and chest CT, lung function, and electrocardiogram examinations is less than or equal to 28 days; 11. The patient signs a written informed consent form. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Chest CT suggests multiple primary lung cancer or metastatic cancer; 2. Previous history of thoracic surgery; 3. Previous history of malignant tumors; 4. History of neoadjuvant therapy; 5. A history of severe heart failure, myocardial infarction, cerebral infarction, and pneumonia within 6 months prior to surgery; 6. Concurrent active bacterial or fungal infections; 7. Severe underlying lung diseases such as interstitial lung disease, pulmonary fibrosis, or emphysema are complicated; 8. Concomitant mental illness; 9. Pregnant/lactating women.