Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Age ≥18 years; * Diagnosed with pancreatic tumors or periampullary tumors by imaging or pathology and scheduled for pancreaticoduodenectomy; * No distant metastases and tumors are resectable; * Classified as American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I to III; * Capable of understanding the study procedures and various assessment scales and able to effectively communicate with the researchers; * Willing to participate in the study and provide written informed consent. Exclusion Criteria: * Patients with other malignant tumors; * Patients who have undergone chemotherapy or radiotherapy before surgery; * Patients with chronic organ dysfunction; * Patients with a history of gastrectomy or other gastric surgeries; * Patients diagnosed with chronic gastrointestinal inflammation, peptic ulcers, or a history of gastroparesis, pyloric, or other gastrointestinal obstructions; * Patients with a history of autonomic dysfunction (e.g., peripheral neuropathy, vagotomy, thyroid dysfunction, amyloidosis, asthma, heart failure, renal dysfunction, or alcoholism); * Patients with implanted stimulators (e.g., pacemakers, implanted vagus nerve stimulators, deep brain stimulators, spinal cord stimulators), cochlear implants, or metallic implants (excluding dental work); * Patients who recently used prokinetic agents, cholinergic or anticholinergic drugs, or hormones; * Patients who received vagus nerve stimulation or acupuncture within 1 month before the study; * Patients with skin damage or dermatological conditions at the stimulation site; * Patients with a preoperative heart rate below 60 beats per minute; * Patients unable to cooperate with assessments; * Patients participating in other clinical trials.