Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: ● Patients diagnosed with AF (paroxysmal, persistent, or long-standing) at 18-75 years old who are eligible for the CA procedure Exclusion Criteria: * has received CA procedure for AF or atrial septal defect repair before enrollment * left atrial diameter (LAD) ≥55 mm or thrombosis in the left atrium; * eGFR\<30mL/min/1.73㎡ * a history of cerebrovascular disease within the last three months (including stroke and transient ischemic attack \[TIA\]) * acute or severe systemic infection * intolerant to sedation or with a history suggestive of sleep apnea * BMI \> 35 kg/㎡ * has contraindications to procedural sedation or refused to participate in this trial * Congenital heart disease, thyroid dysfunction, severe hepatic insufficiency (Child-Pugh classification B-C), severe coagulation dysfunction (international normalized ratio (INR) \> 1.5 or partial activated prothrombin time (APTT) prolonged by ≥ 10 seconds, or plasma prothrombin time (PT) prolonged by ≥ 3 seconds, or fibrinogen (Fib) ≤ 1.5 g/L), or active bleeding * pregnant women, breastfeeding women or women who plan to become pregnant during the study period, those who have a positive pregnancy test result during the screening period * life expectancy \< 12 months * those who have participated in other clinical drug trials within 3 months prior to enrollment * those who are known to be allergic to any of the ingredients such as lidocaine, propofol, soybeans, peanuts, etc. * those who, in the judgment of the investigator, are not suitable for this clinical study (e.g., not in line with the treatment that the research participants the treatment, research participant compliance, etc.).