Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Patients aged 65 and older * Undergoing major elective non-cardiac surgery under general anesthesia * Classified as ASA I-II-III * With sufficient cognitive ability to complete a questionnaire were included in the study Exclusion Criteria: * Patients requiring rapid sequence induction for emergency cases * Those with severe psychiatric or cognitive disorders preventing questionnaire evaluation * A body mass index \< 18 or \> 39 kg/m² * Allergy or contraindication to any drug included in the study * A history of chronic pain or chronic opioid use * Uncontrolled epilepsy, decompensated heart failure * Chronic kidney or liver failure * Preoperative bradycardia with atrioventricular block (2nd or 3rd degree) * Heart rate \< 50 bpm due to chronic beta-blocker therapy * Those using medications that prolong the QT interval * Patients whose anesthesia regimen was intraoperatively changed (from opioid-free to opioid-containing anesthesia)