Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: 1. Age range: 18-80 years old; 2. Patients with confirmed cirrhosis through clinical, imaging or pathological evidence, with causes including viral hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, etc.; 3. Patients with esophageal and gastric varices confirmed by endoscopic examination and varicose vein bleeding in the past; 4. Endoscopic treatment (such as band ligation, sclerotherapy or colloid injection) is an appropriate secondary prevention method; Exclusion Criteria: * (1) Combined with hepatocellular carcinoma or other malignant tumors; (2) Autoimmune cirrhosis, schistosomal cirrhosis, hepatic venous occlusion, etc.; (3) Combined with other diseases that affect portal hypertension, such as portal vein thrombosis; (4) Recently (within 6 months) received other treatments, such as TIPS, liver transplantation, or other treatment measures that may affect the study; (5) Accompanied by severe cardiopulmonary diseases (such as severe heart failure, COPD, etc.);