Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * All pregnant women and their infant pairs who have given consent to participate. * Mothers Age: 21-40 years' old. * Term infants (37-42 weeks of gestation) with birth weight ≥2500 g born to mothers who had an uncomplicated normal singleton vaginal delivery or caesarian section delivery was included. Exclusion Criteria: * Mothers with a history of antepartum hemorrhage, pre-mature labor pain, high-risk pregnancy (eg. history of trauma and severe infection during pregnancy), severe hyperemesis, pre-eclampsia severe anemia requiring blood transfusion, and any chronic medical illnesses as: gestational diabetes, hypertension, hypothyroidism, epilepsy, liver disease, renal disease cardiorespiratory disease, immunodeficiency syndrome, and hematological (other causes of anemia) * infants who suspected with congenital and/or chromosomal anomalies and pathological jaundice, also multiple pregnancy was excluded from the study. * Mothers withdrew from given a written consent will be excluded from the study.