Inclusion Criteria:
* Patients who sign the informed consent form and are willing to complete the study according to the protocol;
* Patients must have radiographic and/or cerebrospinal fluid cytology evidence of leptomeningeal disease (LMD). The diagnosis of non-small cell lung cancer must be confirmed, based on histological and/or cytological diagnosis.
* Patients must have an ECOG performance status score of ≤ 2.
* Patients may use steroids to control symptoms related to the central nervous system, but the dose must be ≤ 4 mg of dexamethasone (or equivalent dose) within 24 hours. The patient's neurological symptoms should remain stable for at least 7 days, or they are reducing the dose of steroids. Physiological replacement doses for adrenal insufficiency are allowed.
* Patients who have received brain and/or spinal radiotherapy, including whole-brain radiation, stereotactic radiosurgery, or SBRT, can be enrolled, but must have completed radiation therapy at least 7 days before starting treatment.
* Patients who have received approved systemic treatments may continue the systemic treatment chosen by the researcher. Concurrent use of other drugs for intrathecal treatment is not allowed. For patients who have received other systemic treatments, the minimum washout periods are as follows:
1. Patients who have received intrathecal treatment must have had their last treatment at least 7 days before starting the study treatment.
2. Patients who have received systemic chemotherapy must have had their last treatment at least 14 days before starting the study treatment.
3. Patients who have received approved systemic immunotherapy (such as anti-PD-1, anti-CTLA4) must have had their last treatment at least 2 weeks before starting the study treatment.
4. Patients who have received any other investigational drugs must have had their last treatment at least 14 days before starting the study treatment.
* Age ≥ 18 years.
* Able to provide written informed consent, including compliance with the requirements and restrictions listed in the consent form.
* Patients must have the organ and bone marrow function defined in Table 1 below.
* No contraindications to the installation of an Ommaya reservoir.
* Criteria for refractory leptomeningeal metastasis:
1. Failed first- or second-generation TKI treatment, T790M mutation-negative;
2. Failed third-generation TKI treatment;
3. EGFR gene mutation-negative, failed first-line treatment.
Exclusion Criteria:
* Patients who require a VP shunt due to increased intracranial pressure.
* Patients must not have active autoimmune diseases requiring systemic treatment in the past two years (i.e., using disease-modifying agents, corticosteroids, or immunosuppressive drugs). Alternative therapies (such as thyroxine, insulin, or physiological corticosteroid replacement therapy for adrenal or pituitary insufficiency) are not considered forms of systemic treatment.
* Subjects who need systemic treatment within 14 days prior to administration of the study drug, including the use of corticosteroids (\>4 mg daily dexamethasone equivalent dose) or other immunosuppressive drugs. Inhaled or topical steroids and adrenal replacement therapy at a daily replacement dose \>10 mg prednisone equivalent are allowed in the absence of active autoimmune diseases.
* Patients who have previously received PD-1 and/or anti-CTLA-4 therapy are eligible, unless they are experiencing \> grade 2 side effects from such treatments. Ongoing physiological replacement doses for adrenal and thyroid insufficiency are allowed in the protocol.
* Patients currently receiving experimental anti-cancer drugs (co-treatment with approved targeted therapies is permitted).
* Patients with a history of other malignancies are eligible if they have appropriately treated basal cell or squamous cell skin cancer, carcinoma in situ of the cervix, or other cancers with no evidence of disease for more than 5 years.
* Participation in another clinical trial within 30 days prior to randomization, receiving investigational drugs and any concomitant treatments containing investigational drugs.
* Immunodeficiency, HIV infection;
* Severe dysfunction of the heart, lungs, liver, or kidneys;
* Uncontrolled infection or active infection;
* Pregnant or breastfeeding women.
