Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: 1. Aged 18 years or older. 2. An indwelling catheter, either a transurethral or suprapubic catheter, that has been in place for at least 2 weeks. 3. At least one CAUTI-related symptom, defined according to the IDSA guideline (11): onset or worsening of fever (\> 38 degrees), rigors, altered mental status, malaise or lethargy with no other identified cause, flank pain, costovertebral angle tenderness, acute haematuria, pelvic discomfort, or suprapubic pain/tenderness. In patients with spinal cord injury, increased spasticity, autonomic dysreflexia, or sense of unease are also compatible with CAUTI. 4. Urine culture with ≥ 103 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL of ≥ 1 bacterial species, or urine culture with \<103 CFU/mL along with a positive blood culture with the same microorganism as the urine culture. 5. The ability to provide written informed consent for the use of their data. 6. Sufficient proficiency in the Dutch or English language, both spoken and written, to effectively communicate with the research team and accurately complete the questionnaires. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Having an immunodeficiency: High-dose corticosteroid use (any equivalent of ≥ 20 mg prednisolone per day for \> 4 weeks), severe primary immunodeficiency, organ transplant, neutropenia (absolute neutrophil count \< 0.50 x 10⁹/L) 2. Expiration of the indication of the indwelling catheter. 3. Having a planned (routine) catheter replacement during antibiotic therapy. 4. Contraindications for catheter replacement (judgement treating physician) 5. Kidney catheters (nephrostomy or double-J catheter). 6. Needing bladder irrigations because of gross haematuria. 7. Having bladder stones. 8. Female patients who are pregnant. 9. Having a life expectancy of \< 3 months.