Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Patients aged 18-75 years, regardless of gender (n=45); * Meeting American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status classification I-II criteria, scheduled to undergo pancreaticoduodenectomy or pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy under combined intravenous-inhalational general anesthesia; * No participation in other clinical trials within 6 months prior to the study initiation; * Absence of severe preexisting cardiac, neurological, renal, endocrine, or hematologic diseases that may affect surgical outcomes or postoperative prognosis (e.g., unstable angina, heart failure, uncontrolled hypertension, severe neuropathy, psychiatric disorders, renal insufficiency, diabetes, hematologic disorders, severe alcoholic liver disease, substance abuse, or alcoholism); * Participants free of cognitive impairment, aphasia, or psychiatric disorders, possessing intact communication skills and capable of comprehending and signing the informed consent form. Exclusion Criteria: * Patients aged \<18 or \>75 years; * Not meeting American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status classification I-II criteria; * History of severe cardiac, neurological, renal, endocrine, or hematopoietic comorbidities that may impact surgical outcomes or postoperative prognosis (e.g., unstable angina, heart failure, uncontrolled hypertension, severe neuropathy, psychiatric disorders, renal insufficiency, diabetes, hematologic diseases, severe alcoholic liver disease, substance abuse, or alcoholism); * Participants in either treatment group refusing to sign informed consent forms; * Participation in other clinical trials within 6 months prior to study initiation; * Patients deemed by investigators unsuitable for efficacy evaluation or unlikely to complete treatment course and follow-up.