Inclusion Criteria:
1. Parkinson's disease (PD) group: 1. Patients with confirmed Parkinson's disease diagnosed based on the 2015 International Movement Disorder Society (MDS) Parkinson's Disease Diagnostic Criteria; 2. Patients with early-stage PD meet the Hoehn-Yahr score ≤ 2.5 points, and patients with intermediate and advanced PD meet the Hoehn-Yahr score of 2.5-5 points; 3. Subjects are 50-75 years old (including boundary values), gender is not limited; 4. Agree to undergo study-related examination evaluation and sign informed consent.
2. Multiple system atrophy (MSA) group : 1. Patients with confirmed or probable MSA diagnosed based on the diagnostic criteria for MSA published by the International Movement Disorder Society (MDS) in 2022 ;2. Subjects are 50-75 years old (including boundary values), gender is not limited; 3. Agree to undergo study-related examination evaluation and sign informed consent.
3. Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) group: 1. Patients with confirmed or probable PSP diagnosed based on the diagnostic criteria of the 2017 International Movement Disorder Association PSP Collaborative Group; 2. Subjects are 50-75 years old (including boundary values), gender is not limited; 3. Agree to undergo study-related examination evaluation and sign informed consent.
4. Vascular parkinsonism (VP) group: 1. In line with the diagnostic recommendations of vascular parkinsonism in accordance with the 2004 International Association for Movement Disorders and the 2017 Chinese expert consensus; 2. Subjects are 50-75 years old (including boundary values), gender is not limited; 3. Agree to undergo study-related examination evaluation and sign informed consent.
5. Drug-induced parkinsonism (DIP) group: 1. Parkinsonism; 2. Drug history, the appearance of symptoms is related to specific drugs; 3. Symptoms are reversible, and the symptoms are reduced or disappeared when the corresponding drugs are reduced; 4. Rule out other causes; 5. Subjects are 50-75 years old (including boundary values), gender is not limited; 6. Agree to undergo study-related examination evaluation and sign informed consent.
6. Corticobasal degeneration (CBD) group: 1. Diagnosis of probable or probable CBD based on the 2019 Chinese diagnostic criteria for corticobasal degeneration; 2. Subjects are 50-75 years old (including boundary values), gender is not limited; 3. Agree to undergo study-related examination evaluation and sign informed consent.
7. Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB) Group: 1. Diagnosed as probable or possible DLB based on the 2017 international DLB diagnostic criteria and the 2021 Chinese DLB diagnostic criteria. 2. Exhibits symptoms of Parkinsonism. 3. Subjects are aged 50-75 years (inclusive), with no gender restriction. 4. Agree to undergo study-related assessments and evaluations and signs the informed consent form.
Exclusion Criteria:
1. Cognitive dysfunction, unable to complete the study (MMSE \< 23)
2. Inability to tolerate levodopa shock test
3. Patients with failure of important organs (heart, lung, liver, kidney, etc.), malignant tumors, unstable conditions and other serious internal diseases
4. Those with serious behavioral problems or mental disorders
5. Inability to sign informed consent
6. Other conditions that are considered unsuitable by the investigator to participate in this study.
