Inclusion Criteria:
1. Aged between 18 and 75 years old; gender is not restricted.
2. According to the 2023 KDIGO diagnostic criteria for acute kidney injury (AKI), including those that occur during the course of the disease in various patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), AKI can be diagnosed if any of the following conditions is met:
① The serum creatinine level increases by ≥ 26.5 μmol/L within 48 hours;
② The serum creatinine level increases by more than 1.5 times or higher than the baseline value within 7 days;
③ The urine output decreases (\< 0.5 mL/kg/h) and persists for more than 6 hours; The baseline value of serum creatinine: The lowest creatinine value obtained in the outpatient department or ward within 3 months, and the longest time limit is the creatinine value within 1 year. If there is no such value, the serum creatinine can be estimated using the MDRD equation under the assumption that the baseline eGFR is 75 ml/min/1.73m².
3. .Ability to give informed consent.
Exclusion Criteria:
1. Post-renal AKI.
2. Acute kidney injury caused by glomerular diseases such as rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, lupus nephritis, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated nephritis, anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody-mediated nephritis, vasculitis, cryoglobulinemia, thrombotic microangiopathy, etc.
3. Hemodynamic instability.
4. Severe cardiovascular diseases.
5. Severe pulmonary dysfunction.
6. A history of intracerebral hemorrhage or cerebral infarction within the past six months.
7. Subjects with abnormal laboratory indicators: AST or ALT \> 5 × upper limit of normal value (ULN); total bilirubin \> 3 × ULN; white blood cell count \< 2000/μL (2 × 10⁹/L), hemoglobin \< 6 g/dL (60 g/L), neutrophils \< 1000/μL (1 × 10⁹/L), platelets \< 50000/μL (50 × 10⁹/L).
8. Uncontrollable infection.
9. Patients with active hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus infection, active tuberculosis, severe immunodeficiency diseases, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, etc.
10. Received systemic immunosuppressants or glucocorticoid treatment for more than one week within 30 days before enrollment.
11. Have received hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis treatment.
12. Have a history of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation or solid organ transplantation.
13. Patients with a history of malignant tumor within the past 5 years.
14. Life expectancy is less than 1 month.
15. Those with a known history of severe allergy to component blood or blood products, or those with a history of allergy to heterologous proteins.
16. Lactating women, or female patients who have a pregnancy plan or an egg donation plan from the start of the study to the follow-up period, and male patients (or their partners) who have a fertility plan or a sperm donation plan from the start of the study to the follow-up period and are unwilling to take contraceptive measures.
17. Patients who participated in other interventional clinical trials within 1 month before enrollment.
