Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * patients aged 40-75 years who undergo the colonoscopy with at least 1 advanced premalignant polyps or ≥ 3 adenoma Exclusion Criteria: * patient with severe physical diseases that prevented them from adhering to the examination requirements, * patient with coagulopathy or other contraindications for biopsy or polypectomy, * patient with previous surgical procedures on the gastrointestinal tract, * presence of colorectal cancer or other malignant tumor at baseline * presence of inflammatory bowel disease or hereditary polyposis syndromes (such as family adenomatous polyposis or Lynch syndrome) * within 1 month before enrollment, oral antibiotics and probiotics were taken; * inability to provide informed consent or refusal to participate in the study.