Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Elderly patients (\>65 years) * ASA physical status I-III * Elective non-cardiac surgery under general anesthesia. Exclusion Criteria: * Patients with severe cardiac morbidities (impaired contractility with ejection fraction \< 50%, heart block, arrhythmias, tight valvular lesions, metabolic equivalent \[MET\] less than 4 * Patients on angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers medications * Patients with uncontrolled hypertension * patients undergoing adrenalectomy * patients with body mass index \<18 or \> 35 kg/m² * patient with allergy to any of the study drugs. * patient is considered to be a difficult intubation in the preoperative assessment.