Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion criteria community-dwelling adults: 1. adult ≥18 years old 2. no prior history of neurological diseases or respiratory diseases 3. no prior history of head and neck surgery/head and neck cancer/radiation to head and neck region 4. no prior history of dysphagia. Exclusion criteria community-dwelling adults: 1. \<18 years old 2. neurological disease or respiratory disease diagnosis 3. history of head and neck cancer/surgery to the head and neck region 4. history of dysphagia. Inclusion criteria critically-ill adults: 1. adult ≥ 18 years old 2. ICU patients requiring monitoring or treatment for respiratory failure and/or shock (e.g., hypovolemic, septic, and/or cardiogenic) 3. cognitive capacity and willingness to provide informed consent 4. medically stable for testing (e.g., can sit upright, respiratory status is stable \[Sp02 \> 90%, off mechanical ventilation or CPAP/BiPAP for \> 30 minutes, respiratory rate \< 30 bpm\], and Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale score is 0 (awake and alert). Exclusion criteria critically ill adults: 1. neurological disease diagnosis 2. history of head and neck cancer/surgery to the head and neck region 3. history of dysphagia prior to ICU admission. Inclusion criteria caregivers: 1. caregiver of critically ill adult who meets inclusion criteria for study 2. willing to complete questionnaire. Exclusion criteria caregivers: 1. not a caregiver of critically ill adult 2. unwilling to complete questionnaire.