Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Healthy, lean males (only men will be included in the study to avoid the confounding effects of the menstrual cycle on gastric emptying). * BMI: 19-25 kg/m2, * Weight-stable (i.e. \<5% fluctuation) at study entry, which will be ascertained by a stable body weight in the preceding 3 months. Exclusion Criteria: * Significant GI symptoms, or history of GI disease or surgery * Current gallbladder or pancreatic disease * Cardiovascular or respiratory diseases * Any other illnesses as assessed by the investigator (including chronic illnesses not explicitly listed above) * Use of prescribed or non-prescribed medications (including vitamins and herbal supplements) which may affect energy metabolism, GI function, body weight or appetite (e.g. domperidone, cisapride, anticholinergic drugs (e.g. atropine), metoclopramide, erythromycin, hyoscine, orlistat, green tea extracts, Astragalus, St Johns Wort etc.) * Lactose intolerance/other food allergy(ies) * Individuals with low ferritin levels (\<30 ng/mL), or who have donated blood in the 12 weeks prior to taking part in the study * High performance athletes * Current intake of \> 2 standard drinks on \> 5 days per week (\>140g/week) * Current smokers of tobacco (cigarettes, cigars, pipes, sheesha, chewing, vaping etc.) * Current use of recreational drugs, e.g. marijuana * Current intake of any illicit substance * Vegetarians * Inability to tolerate nasoduodenal tube * Inability to comprehend study protocol * Restrained eaters (score \>12 on the 3-factor eating questionnaire)