Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * ① Age 18-75 years, ASA physical status I-III, BMI 18-30 kg/m²; * Scheduled for unilateral video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) lung resection, including wedge resection, segmentectomy, lobectomy, or radical resection for lung cancer; * Preoperative pain score \<1 on the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS); * Ability to understand the study objectives and procedures, with voluntary informed consent obtained; * Expected postoperative recovery in the general ward setting. Exclusion Criteria: * ① History of chronic pain or long-term analgesic use prior to surgery; * Previous ipsilateral thoracic surgery; * Prior neoadjuvant radiotherapy or chemotherapy; * Severe cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease, or hepatic/renal dysfunction (ALT/AST \>3× upper limit of normal; eGFR \<60 mL/min/1.73m²); * Concurrent malignancy or active infection; * Pre-existing psychiatric disorders or communication barriers precluding study participation; * Known hypersensitivity to study medications (opioids, adjuvant analgesics, anesthetics, or antiemetics); * Any condition deemed unsuitable for study participation by the investigator