Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Age 18-75 years * ASA physical status I-III * BMI 18-35 kg/m² * Scheduled for unilateral video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) lung resection, including wedge resection, segmentectomy, lobectomy, or radical resection for lung cancerresection for lung cancer * Preoperative Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) pain score of 0 * Ability to understand the study objectives and procedures, with voluntary informed consent obtained * Expected postoperative recovery in the general ward setting Exclusion Criteria: * History of chronic pain or long-term analgesic use prior to surgery * Previous ipsilateral thoracic surgery * Prior neoadjuvant radiotherapy or chemotherapy * Severe cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease, or hepatic/renal dysfunction (ALT/AST \> 3 × upper limit of normal; eGFR \< 60 mL/min/1.73 m²) * Severe or unstable psychiatric disorders requiring psychoactive medication (e.g., schizophrenia, bipolar disorder), or cognitive impairment precluding reliable self-report * Other concurrent active malignancy or active infection * Known hypersensitivity to study medications (opioids, adjuvant analgesics, anesthetics, or antiemetics) * Pregnancy, lactation, or planned pregnancy during the study period * Participation in another interventional clinical trial within 3 months before enrolment * Any condition deemed unsuitable for study participation by the investigator