Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * The diagnosis of epilepsy and epileptic seizures will be clinically established based on patient history, following the Glossary of Descriptive Terminology for Ictal Semiology by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) Task Force on Classification and Terminology, as well as the Operational Classification of Seizure Types (ILAE, 2017). Exclusion Criteria: * • Inability to determine the onset of epilepsy or epileptic seizures, or a history of seizures occurring before the age of 50. * Metabolic disturbances such as hypoglycemia, uremia, or electrolyte imbalances. * Patients who refuse to participate in the study.