Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Patients with insomnia: 1. Age of 18 - 64 years; 2. American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status of I - II; 3. Body mass index (BMI) of 15 - 30; 4. Patients undergoing elective thoracoscopy, laparoscopy, hysteroscopy, open abdominal surgery, open thoracic surgery, open spinal surgery, craniotomy surgery, and digestive endoscopy under general anesthesia; 5. Positive screening results according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) criteria for insomnia disorder; 6. 8-item Sleep Condition Indicator (SCI; score 0-4; range 0-32, higher score means better sleep) scored 16 or less. * Patients with normal sleep: 1. Age of 18 - 64 years; 2. ASA physical status of I - II; 3. BMI of 15 - 30; 4. Patients undergoing elective thoracoscopy, laparoscopy, hysteroscopy, open abdominal surgery, open thoracic surgery, open spinal surgery, craniotomy surgery, and digestive endoscopy under general anesthesia; 5. No history or evidence of insomnia. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Associated with any neurological disease; 2. Daily alcohol consumption; 3. Any contraindication to intravenous anesthetic drug, such as hypotension or shock; 4. History of allergy to any drug used in the study; 5. Pregnancy or breastfeeding; 6. Patients with sleep apnea syndrome; 7. acute upper respiratory infection; 8. Patients with psychological diseases who report suicidal thoughts; 9. Patients who need to work or take care of children/elderly people frequently at night.