Inclusion Criteria:
Overlapping inclusion criteria for STEP 1 AND STEP 2
1. Written informed consent obtained from the patient prior to performing any protocol-related procedures, including screening evaluations (only after interim analysis at Step 2 for patients who were not randomized in first randomization \[R1\]),
2. Age ≥18 years old. STEP 1: The patient over 75 years of age is eligible only if the patient's G8 score (G8 questionnaire) is \> 14,
3. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG PS) 0-1,
4. Histologically or cytologically proven PDAC,
5. ≥1 measurable lesion according to RECIST v 1.1 (Computed tomography thorax-abdomen-pelvis \[TAP-CT\] scan ≤ 4 weeks), Note: abdominal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is allowed (e.g., in case of contra-indication to CT scan contrast injection) provided that this imaging modality is used consistently throughout the tumor evaluations,
6. Availability of archival tissue samples for exploratory research. Step 2: can be the same as in Step 1 or it can be newly obtained sample,
7. Adequate organ function, obtained within 21 days prior to randomization of study treatment, as defined by the following:
* Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ≤3 x upper limit of normal (ULN; ≤ 5 x ULN in case of liver metastases) - STEP 2, if paclitaxel administration,
* Total serum bilirubin \< 1.5 x ULN (STEP 2, if paclitaxel administration),
* Serum albumin ≥ 28 g/L,
* Hemoglobin ≥ 9.0 g/dl,
* Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) ≥ 2 x 10\^9L,
* Platelets - STEP 1: ≥ 150 x 10\^9L; STEP 2: ≥ 100 x 10\^9L,
* Creatinine clearance ≥ 50 mL/min (Modification of the Diet in Renal Disease \[MDRD\]),
8. Evidence of post-menopausal status or negative serum pregnancy test within 7 days before starting study treatment for female pre- menopausal patients. Women of childbearing potential (WOCBP) should use effective contraception during study treatment and: 1 month (paclitaxel), 6 months (5FU, LV), 7 months (NAL-IRI), 15 months (oxaliplatin), and 6 months (gemcitabine+/-paclitaxel and ciprofloxacin/placebo) after the patient's last dose of treatment. Males who are fertile should use effective contraception during study treatment and 4 months (NAL-IRI), 6 months (5-FU, LV), 12 months (oxaliplatin), and 6 months (gemcitabine+/-paclitaxel and ciprofloxacin/placebo) after the patient's last dose of treatment.
9. Willing and able to comply with the protocol for the duration of the study including undergoing treatment and scheduled visits and examinations including follow up,
10. Registration in a National Health Care System (PUMa - Protection Universelle Maladie included).
Distinct inclusion criteria for STEP 1 and STEP 2 STEP 1
11. No prior first-line chemotherapy (5-FU or gemcitabine based, or FOLFIRINOX) for metastatic disease; if treatment with any investigational medicinal product (IMP) the delay before the last dose and inclusion more than or equal to 28 days, Note: relapse after FOLFIRINOX adjuvant chemotherapy in case of resectable disease is NOT allowed,
12. No dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) deficiency (Uracilemia dosage \>16 ng/ml), Uracilemia dosing results must be available before inclusion).
STEP 2 11. Metastatic disease, 12. L2 therapy after progression under 5-FU-based chemotherapy for localized/locally advanced or metastatic stage, Note: relapse \<4 months after the end of adjuvant chemotherapy in case of resectable disease is allowed.
Exclusion Criteria:
Overlapping exclusion criteria for STEP 1 AND STEP 2
1. Concurrent enrolment in another clinical study, unless it is an observational (non-interventional) clinical study or the follow-up period of an interventional study,
2. History of allogenic organ transplantation or active autoimmune, connective tissue disorder, or inflammatory disease requiring systemic treatment,
3. Diagnosis of any second malignancy that required any treatment within the last 3 years, except for adequately treated basal cell or squamous cell skin cancer, or in situ carcinoma of the cervix uteri,
4. History of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, interstitial lung disease (ILD), drug-induced pneumonitis, organizing pneumonia, or evidence of active pneumonitis on screening (TAP-CT-scan),
5. Current systemic steroid therapy (\>10 mg daily dose of prednisone or equivalent; minimal wash-out of 1 week \[7 days\]) or immunosuppressive therapy,
6. Prior radiotherapy treatment to more than 30% of the bone marrow or a wide field of radiation within 4 weeks (30 days) prior to the first dose of study drug,
7. Major surgical procedure (as defined by the Investigator) within 4 weeks (30 days) prior to the first dose of trial treatment (Step 1 and Step 2), Note: Local surgery of isolated lesions for palliative intent is acceptable,
8. Uncontrolled central nervous system metastases and/or carcinomatous meningitis,
9. Uncontrolled massive pleural effusion or massive ascites,
10. Uncontrolled intercurrent illness, including but not limited to, symptomatic congestive heart failure or coronary disease, peripheral artery disease, severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, decompensated cirrhosis, serious chronic gastrointestinal conditions (e.g. bleeding, inflammation, occlusion, malabsorption syndrome, ulcerative colitis, gastrointestinal ulceration, infection or sepsis, inflammatory bowel disease or partial bowel obstruction) associated with diarrhea, or geographical/social/ psychiatric illness situations that would limit compliance with study requirement and study follow-up, substantially increase risk of incurring AEs, or compromise the ability of the patient to give written informed consent,
11. History or current evidence of any condition, therapy, laboratory abnormality that might confound the results of the trial, interfere with participation for the full duration of the trial, or is not in the best interest of the participant in the opinion of the treating investigator,
12. QT/QTc interval \>470 ms (for women) and \> 450 ms (for men), previous ventricular arrhythmia, known or suspected long-QT syndrome, Note: Caution is required when using medicinal products with human thymidine kinase substrates, e.g. zidovudine and other drugs known to prolong the QTc interval (exhaustive list on https: //www.crediblemeds.org.")
13. Known or suspected allergy or hypersensitivity to any of the study drugs or any of the study drug excipients,
14. Active bacterial, viral, or fungal infection requiring systemic therapy, including tuberculosis, hepatitis B (HBV, known positive HBV surface antigen \[HbsAg\] result), hepatitis C (HBC, with positive RNA), or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV positive 1/2 antibodies), Note: Patients with past HBV infection or resolved HBV infection (defined as having a negative HbsAg test and a positive hepatitis B core antigen \[HBc\] antibody test) are eligible; patients with previously treated and cured HCV infection (negative RNA) are also eligible,
15. Live vaccine administration within 4 weeks (30 days) prior to the first dose of study treatment,
16. Pregnancy/breast-feeding/lactation,
17. Under a legal protection measure (guardianship, curatorship, or judicial safeguard), administrative decision, and/or incapable of giving his/her consent.
Distinct exclusion criteria for STEP 1 and STEP 2 STEP1 18. Any unresolved NCI CTCAE toxicity of grade ≥ 2 from previous anticancer therapy (including peripheral neuropathy of grade ≥ 1) except for alopecia or vitiligo, 19. Any previous chemotherapy for advanced disease, 20. Uncontrolled central nervous system metastases and/or carcinomatous meningitis, 21. Peripheral neuropathy with functional discomfort \> grade 2, 22. Clinically significant active heart disease or myocardial infarction within 6 months given the cardiotoxicity of 5-FU, 23. Abnormal values of potassium, magnesium, and calcium levels at inclusion, 24. Patients with known homozygous UGT1A1\*28 (Gilbert's disease), 25. Any use of strong CYP3A4 inducers/inhibitors and/or strong UGT1A1 inhibitors (patients are ineligible if unable to discontinue the use of strong CYP3A4 or UGT1A1 inhibitors at least 1 week or strong CYP3A4 inducers at least 2 weeks prior to receiving first dose of NAL-IRI injection), or presence of any other contraindications for irinotecan), 26. Brivudine-based treatment within 4 weeks preceding treatment initiation. STEP 2 18. Antibiotics use in the month before the day of treatment initiation or for \> 5 days within 3 months before the day of treatment initiation, 19. Previous gemcitabine-based chemotherapy, 20. Known previous colonization or infection with K. pneumoniae resistant to quinolones, 21. Prophylactic phenytoin within 1 week (7 days) prior to the first dose of study treatment, 22. Any contra-indication to ciprofloxacin: history of fluoroquinolone-related severe side effects (muscle, tendons, joint…), severe aortic disease (aneurysm, dissection), myasthenia, epilepsy, 23. Inability to take oral treatment, 24. Concomitant medication with CYP1A2 substrates (e.g., theophylline, clozapine, duloxetine, tizanidine, olanzapine, propranolol, amitryptilin, and methotrexate, 25. Known glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency.
