Inclusion Criteria:
* Informed Consent (IC) according to ICH/GCP regulations prior to any study-specific procedures
* Adults aged ≥ 25 years
* Overweight as determined by a Body Mass Index \> 25 kg/m2
* Metabolic risk factor: at least one of the following criteria:
i. HbA1c ≥ 5.7% ii. Elevated liver enzymes (ALAT, ASAT, Gamma-Glutamyltransferase (gGT) at least one above normal range of the assay used in the respective laboratory) iii. LDL-cholesterol \> 3.0 mmol/l iv. Triglycerides \> 1.7 mmol/l
* Ability and willingness to follow the study protocol (e.g., cognitive capacity for compliance, gum chewing, faecal sample collection)
* Access to a scale to self-report weight
* Access and willing to use an electronic device (e.g., mobile phone, computer or tablet)
* Laboratory assessments of blood parameters were performed within a reasonable timeframe prior to the eligibility assessment, as determined by the PI.
Exclusion Criteria:
* Systemic antibiotic use within the last 2 months
* History of bariatric surgery
* Initiation or dose adjustment of pharmaceutical treatment for dyslipidemia or hyperglycemia within the last 3 months or during the study (e.g., metformin, statins, SGLT2 inhibitors)
* Use of prebiotic or probiotic supplementation (duration \>1 month) within the last 6 weeks (at PI's discretion, based on medication summary of TP)
* Medical weight management treatments within the last year (e.g., Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists)
* Recent (\<1 month) dose adjustment, initiation or termination of proton pump inhibitors use (e.g., pantoprazole, omeprazole)
* Professionally supervised intensive (\>6 months of ongoing supervision) weight management treatments (e.g., structured nutrition counselling) within the last year (at the PI's discretion)
* Diagnosis of Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes requiring bolus insulin therapy or frequent dose adjustments in base line insulin
* Regular alcohol consumption exceeding two (women) or three (men) standard units (10 g of pure alcohol) per day
* Consumption of more than one nicotine product (e.g., (e-)cigarette, gum) per month
* Regular drug abuse (once per week over the past 4 months)
* Any stage of known pregnancy or lactation period (self-reported)
* Active cancer or recent cancer treatment (within the last 4 months)
* Chronic, active inflammatory diseases (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis)
* Severe gastrointestinal disorders (e.g., celiac disease, short bowel syndrome, gastroparesis)
* Known eating disorder (medically diagnosed)
* Participation in another investigation with an investigational drug within the 30 days preceding randomisation
* Dependency from the Sponsor-Investigator
* Last visit with TP \> 22 days prior to eligibility assessment
