Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Participants must be aged between 18 and 75 years, with no restrictions on gender. * Participants with conditions such as single-segment lumbar intervertebral disc protrusion, lumbar spondylolisthesis, and lumbar spinal stenosis who are scheduled to undergo posterior decompression, intervertebral fusion, and internal fixation surgery. * Participants must be able to comprehend the objectives of the study, willingly participate, and provide informed consent by signing the consent form. Exclusion Criteria: * Individuals with a hemorrhagic predisposition or coagulation disorders, indicated by a prothrombin time (PT) of 18 seconds or greater, and those with a history of prolonged anticoagulant use. * Individuals presenting with lumbar spine infections or fractures. * Individuals with known allergies to materials such as polyethylene glycol, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, and bone wax (including beeswax, paraffin, and isopropyl palmitate). * Individuals whose conditions are critical, making it challenging to accurately assess the efficacy and safety of the equipment. * Individuals deemed by researchers to have poor compliance, rendering them unable to fulfill the study requirements. * Women who are currently pregnant, intend to become pregnant within the past year, or are breastfeeding. * Individuals who have participated in other clinical trials within the preceding 30 days to prevent cross-interference. * Individuals with significant complications or comorbidities, such as severe cardiovascular, hepatic, renal, or other chronic conditions that could influence surgical risks and research outcomes. * Individuals identified by researchers as having a life expectancy of less than six months. * Individuals with severe osteoporosis, defined as a bone mineral density T-score of ≤-2.5 accompanied by fragility fractures. * Any other individuals deemed unsuitable for participation in this clinical trial by the researchers.