Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Age between 8;0 and 17;11 years at the time of enrollment * English as the dominant language (must have begun learning English by age 3, per parent report) * Passes pure-tone hearing screening at 30 dB hearing level * Passes brief examination of oral structure and function * Less than 30% accuracy, based on consensus across 2 trained listeners, on a probe list eliciting fricative /s, z/ in various phonetic contexts at the word level * No more than 3 sounds other than /s/ in error on the Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation-3 (GFTA-3) * Diagnosis of ADHD, learning disability, dyslexia, or neurodiversity is admissible if participant meets cutoff scores on evaluation day 1 * History of CAS is admissible if participant meets cutoff scores on evaluation day 1 * Braces and removable retainers are admissible * Access to a laptop or desktop computer and a quiet space for study sessions Exclusion Criteria: * Scaled score of 7 or higher on the Recalling Sentences and Formulated Sentences subtests of the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals-5 (CELF-5) * History of permanent hearing loss (temporary hearing loss due to otitis media, including recurrent OM/tubes, is admissible) * History of developmental disorder (e.g., Down syndrome, cerebral palsy) * History of major brain injury, surgery, or stroke in the past year (mild concussion is admissible) * Active diagnosis of epilepsy or other neurological disorder (permissible if well-controlled for at least 6 months) * Current diagnosis of voice or fluency disorder * Current presence of orthodontia that crosses the palate (braces and removable retainers are admissible) * Lack of access to a laptop or desktop computer and a quiet space for study sessions