Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: 1. Clinical diagnosis met the criteria for PNS from January 2014 to December 2023 (①Nephrotic-range proteinuria: 24-h urine protein ≥50 mg/kg or morning urine protein/creatinine (mg/mg) ≥2.0, three consecutive morning urine protein tests (＋＋＋) to (＋＋＋＋) within 1 week. ②Hypoproteinemia: serum albumin \<25 g/L. ③Hyperlipidemia: serum cholesterol \>5.7 mmol/L. ④Edema to varying degrees. Among the above four criteria, 1 and 2 are essential for diagnosis.); 2. Regular follow-up for at least 1 year; 3. Compliance with the requirements of the revised Helsinki Declaration of 2013, with informed consent obtained from patients and their families. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Nephrotic syndrome secondary to other diseases; 2. Patients requiring dialysis or after kidney transplantation; 3. Presence of genetic defects or hereditary metabolic diseases; 4. Concurrent with severe primary diseases such as cardiovascular, liver, brain, hematopoietic system diseases, or mental disorders; 5. Incomplete clinical data.