Inclusion Criteria:
1. Sign a written informed consent form and voluntarily participate in this study;
2. Age 18-75 years;
3. ECOG 0-1, or able to tolerate radiotherapy/surgery and subsequent systemic therapy;
4. For Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR)-sensitive mutant non-squamous NSCLC patients, first-line treatment must be the third-generation TKIs or progression after first/second-generation TKI without harboring T790M mutation, with ≤3 progressive lesions and ≤3 metastatic organs (PET-CT + cranial MRI preferred, or comprehensive imaging assessment, pathological examination not mandatory);
5. For squamous cell lung cancer patients, progression after first-line immunotherapy/chemotherapy-immunotherapy with ≤3 progressing lesions and ≤3 metastatic organs (PET-CT + cranial MRI preferred, or comprehensive imaging assessment, pathological examination not mandatory);
6. Expected survival ≥6 months;
7. No severe medical conditions;
8. Normal major organ functions, including:
1. Blood tests: WBC count ≥4.0×10⁹/L, neutrophil count ≥1.5×10⁹/L, platelet count ≥80×10⁹/L, hemoglobin ≥90 g/L;
2. Blood biochemistry: total bilirubin ≤1.5×ULN, ALT ≤2.5×ULN, AST ≤2.5×ULN, serum creatinine ≤1.5×ULN, or creatinine clearance ≥50 mL/min;
3. Coagulation function: INR ≤1.5×ULN; APTT ≤1.5×ULN; FEV1 \> 0.75 L;
9. All oligoprogressive sites must be tolerable for radiotherapy or surgical treatment; for patients receiving radiotherapy, if prior radiotherapy was administered to the primary lesion, the re-irradiated site must be the metastatic lesions;
10. No other primary tumors before treatment;
11. PD-L1 expression status and driver gene sensitive mutations are both acceptable;
12. At least one evaluable target lesion, with metastases occurring within one month defined as synchronous metastases;
13. Patients may have more than 3 metastatic sites in total with only 1-3 progressive lesions and no more than 3 metastatic organs (RECIST criteria; mediastinal lymph nodes and primary lesions not counted in the oligopregressive lesions);
14. For patients with treated CNS disease, eligibility requires stable brain metastases on imaging and clinically, no evidence of cavitation or hemorrhage in brain lesions, asymptomatic status, and no need for steroids (must discontinue steroids at least 1 week before randomization); symptomatic brain metastases, multiple brain metastases, or other emergencies may receive palliative treatment before randomization (at least 1 week).
Exclusion Criteria:
1. Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, pulmonary carcinoid tumor, or mixed small cell and small cell lung cancer;
2. Patients with progressive lesions over 3 lesions;
3. Patients with meningeal metastasis, pleural metastasis, or severe pleural/ascitic effusion, or those who had severe pleural effusion during prior treatment but are now controlled;
4. Patients with any other current or previous malignancies, except for non-melanoma skin cancer or carcinoma in situ of the cervix;
5. Any other disease or condition that contraindicates radiotherapy/chemotherapy/immunotherapy (e.g., active infection, within 6 months after myocardial infarction, symptomatic heart disease including unstable angina, congestive heart failure, or uncontrolled arrhythmia, immunosuppressive therapy);
6. Other conditions deemed unsuitable for enrollment by the investigator.
