Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: 1. Diagnosis with T2DM. 2. Documented history of consuming Pueraria lobata radix (PLR) in any dosage form (e.g., dried slices, root cubes). 3. Fulfillment of at least one of the following special scenarios: 1) Excessive dosage: Daily PLR intake ≥ twice the maximum dose specified in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia; 2) Long-term consumption: PLR consumption duration ≥ three months with frequency ≥ three times weekly; 3) Advanced age: ≥ 80 years; 4) Pregnancy; 5) Lactation; 6) Allergic constitution: History of any food or drug allergy; 7) Liver dysfunction: Clinical diagnosis of liver cirrhosis or chronic liver failure, or laboratory findings of total bilirubin \> 1.5 × upper limit of normal (ULN) or alanine aminotransferase (ALT)/aspartate aminotransferase (AST) \> 2 × ULN; 8) Renal insufficiency: Clinical diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy or chronic nephritis with renal function impairment, or serum creatinine \> 120% of ULN. 4. Occurrence of adverse events during the retrospective observation period within one month following PLR consumption. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus, gestational diabetes mellitus, or other specific types of diabetes. 2. Use of PLR compound preparations (e.g., puerarin injection). 3. Unavailability of complete clinical data or patient refusal to provide essential information required for the observation period during follow-up.