Clinical Research Directory

For primary objectives Inclusion Criteria * All age and gender * Admitted to four collaborating hospitals from 1 Jan 2019 to 31 Dec 2024 * Received a parenteral antibiotic for at least four consecutive days * Were still hospitalized on day 8 after starting a parenteral antibiotic Exclusion Criteria * Admitted as day admissions to four collaborating hospitals from 1 Jan 2019 to 31 Dec 2024 * Had a clinical specimen collected within 2 calendar days of starting a parenteral antibiotic culture positive for an antimicrobial-resistant organism or Staphylococcus aureus Antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) organism is defined as an organism that is resistant to Access and Low Watch antibiotics, and if the organism is the cause of infection, the recommended antimicrobial therapy involves the use of Medium Watch, High Watch or Reserve antibiotics. The common organisms include methicillin-resistant S. aureus, methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp., ampicillin-resistant Enterococcus spp., vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp., 3rd-generation cephalosporin-resistant Gram-negative bacterium and carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacterium. The definition of organism includes organisms frequently associated with contamination including coagulase-negative staphylococci, viridans group streptococci, Corynebacterium spp., Bacillus spp., Diptheroid spp., Micrococcus spp. and Propionibacterium spp.. All types of specimens are included (e.g. sputum and tracheal suction). We excluded such patients because the study has no clinical data to differentiate whether the isolated AMR organisms are causing infections or represent colonization. For secondary objectives Inclusion Criteria: * All age and gender * Admitted to four collaborating hospitals from 1 Jan 2019 to 31 Dec 2024 Exclusion Criteria: • Admitted as day admissions to four collaborating hospitals from 1 Jan 2019 to 31 Dec 2024