Inclusion Criteria:
1. Age ≥18 years and \<80 years, regardless of sex;
2. Diagnosis of persistent multiple pulmonary ground glass nodules (GGN), including pure ground glass nodules (pGGN) and mixed ground glass nodules (mGGN), with no limitation on the size and number of nodules, where persistence is defined as the non-resolution of the GGN after 3 months of follow-up after detection;
3. Patients who are evaluated as needing treatment for a primary or secondary lesion of a ground glass nodule in the lung, and the diameter of the lesion to be ablated is ≥6.0 mm, and who meet any of the following can be enrolled:
1. Cannot tolerate surgical resection due to poor cardiopulmonary function or advanced age;
2. Refuse to undergo surgical resection;
3. Residual lesions or new lesions after surgical resection;
4. Severe pleural adhesions or pleural cavity atresia from various causes;
5. Single lung (absence of one side of the lung from various causes);
6. Severe anxiety that is not relieved by psychological or pharmacological treatment.
4. The patient fully understands the benefits and risks of this trial, is willing to participate in the trial and signs an informed consent form.
Exclusion Criteria:
1. Those with skin redness, swelling, broken skin, symptoms of skin diseases at the puncture site, dermatologic diseases that cannot be affixed with markers, or acute suppurative infections in the pleural cavity;
2. Platelets \<50 × 109/L, or severe bleeding tendency, coagulation dysfunction that cannot be corrected in a short period of time (prothrombin time \>18 s, plasminogen activity \<40%), or anticoagulant therapy and/or antiplatelet drugs that have not been discontinued for more than 5 d to 7 d prior to ablation, and the interval between the last use of bevacizumab has not exceeded 1 month;
3. Those with severe systemic infection and high fever (\>38.5°C);
4. Lung nodules close to important organs such as mediastinum or cardiac great vessels;
5. Those who have other diseases such as pulmonary pustules or pulmonary cysts leading to pneumothorax in the proposed puncture path, or those who have obvious infectious lesions in the puncture path;
6. Those with poorly controlled pleural effusion;
7. Severe pulmonary fibrosis and pulmonary hypertension;
8. Those with severe cardiac, hepatic, pulmonary, renal, or cerebral insufficiency;
9. Those with severe anemia, dehydration, and severe disorders of nutritional metabolism that cannot be corrected or improved in the short term;
10. Those with an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) score \>3;
11. Patients with episodic psychosis;
12. Those with a combination of other tumors with extensive metastases and an expected survival of \<6 months;
13. Those who cannot cooperate, those who cannot control cough, and those who cannot tolerate puncture;
14. Women who are in pregnancy or breastfeeding, and others who cannot receive intraoperative radiation;
15. Those who have participated or are participating in another clinical trial within 28 days prior to screening;
16. Subjects who are assessed by the investigator to have poor compliance or other reasons why they should not participate in the trial.
