Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Patients aged 40 years or older at the time of arrival to the emergency department. * Patients with a clinical diagnosis of COPD who present to the emergency department for a moderate or severe COPD exacerbation. * A moderate exacerbation is defined as an acute exacerbation requiring either systemic corticosteroids (such as intramuscular, intravenous or oral) and/or antibiotics. * A severe exacerbation is defined as an acute exacerbation requiring hospitalization, or observation for \>24 hours in emergency department/urgent care facility or resulting in death. * Patients on dual (LABA/LAMA, LABA/ICS, LAMA/ICS) or triple (LABA/LAMA/ICS) long-acting bronchodilator inhalers. Exclusion Criteria: * Patients on bronchodilator inhaler monotherapy. * Patients leaving against medical advice or expiring during hospitalization. * Patients with tracheostomy. * Patients with advanced cancer. * Patients who have received a lung transplant. * Discharge to hospice care. * Transfer to another hospital.