Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Aged between 20 and 30 (healthy young adults) or aged 65 and above (healthy older adults). * Native Mandarin Chinese speakers who had no exposure to non-indigenous languages before the age of five. * Have completed at least a junior high school level of education. * Right-handed. * Have normal or corrected-to-normal vision (e.g., through glasses or contact lenses). * Able to fully participate in the entire assessment and intervention schedule (with no more than two missed intervention sessions). * Achieve a score of 23 or higher on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Exclusion Criteria: * Participation in another cognitive intervention program within the past two months. * Cognitive intervention is not feasible due to dyslexia or physical illness. Meet the diagnostic criteria for Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) or dementia. * Presence of severe depression, or cognitive changes caused by other psychiatric, neurological disorders, or substance abuse, with symptoms that are unstable or interfere with functioning. * History of brain injury or neurological conditions (e.g., stroke, aneurysm). * Contraindications for MRI scanning, such as metal implants, pacemakers, or pregnancy. * Claustrophobia (an anxiety disorder characterized by panic symptoms or fear of panic attacks in enclosed spaces such as elevators, vehicles, tunnels, or airplane cabins). * Unable to undergo cognitive assessments due to visual or hearing impairments.