Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Patients aged \>18 years presenting to our hospital within the study period. * Patients diagnosed with idiopathic epiretinal membrane (ERM) based on examination. * Patients with best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) ≤ 0.6 or the presence of metamorphopsia. Exclusion Criteria: * Patients with secondary ERM identified during preoperative evaluation (e.g., secondary to retinal vein occlusion). * Patients with concomitant ocular diseases affecting the macula, such as macular degeneration, macular schisis, or macular atrophy. * Patients with a history of ocular trauma or previous ocular surgery (except for cataract surgery). * Patients with severe systemic diseases contraindicated for surgery. * Patients with poor compliance or concomitant psychiatric disorders. * Patients who participated in other clinical trials during the follow-up period or who were lost to follow-up.