Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Adult patients (aged ≥18 years) with a confirmed diagnosis of SLE according to the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) or Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC) classification criteria. Patients who provide written informed consent to participate in the study. Patients who have not received antibiotics or proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in the four weeks Exclusion Criteria: * Patients with a history of gastric surgery or known gastrointestinal malignancy. * Patients currently receiving immunosuppressive therapy for conditions other than SLE. * Patients with coexisting autoimmune diseases other than SLE. * Pregnant or lactating women. * Patients with active infections (other than H. pylori) at the time of enrollment.