Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Term newborns (≥37 gestational weeks) * Without neurological disorders * Who have not undergone any painful procedure (e.g., injection, venipuncture) in the previous 24 hours * For whom heel lance for routine screening tests is planned * Whose parents provided written informed consent * Who have not received analgesic or sedative medications Exclusion Criteria: * Clinically unstable infants before or during the procedure (e.g., respiratory distress, cardiac instability) * Infants whose position was changed, intervention was interrupted, or procedure repeated in a way that could affect pain perception * Parental withdrawal of consent during the procedure * Severe restlessness or sudden physiological changes preventing pain assessment * Infants for whom standardized data could not be collected due to protocol violations